“[There are] more opportunities for us as the economy opens up to invest our resources in our birth country, says Addis Alemayehu, an Ethiopian-born Canadian investor engaged in IT and one of the leading communications firms in the country.
While Ethiopia had encouraged the diaspora to invest in the country, its relationship quickly soured following questions of human rights and democracy from activists based in western nations.
“We were even banned to sell our own shares in commercial banks when the government abruptly cancelled our rights to do so and we are now back to having been granted rights to own and sell and buy shares in banks,” says Bethlehem Seifu, an owner of a digital company engaged in e-commerce.
Diaspora contribution
In the last two years since Abiy Ahmed became Prime Minister, the contribution via the diaspora in Ethiopia’s economy has shown a significant growth. Two commercial banks with an aggregate capital of $400m are under formation by Ethiopian-born foreign nationals living abroad.
Annual remittance inflow also averaged $5.5bn over the last years; a significant growth from the $4bn average registered over five years before 2018.
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“The diaspora will invest significantly in the coming years in the financial services sector since they have the legal security of ownership, unlike the past. We already see new financial services companies like mortgage banks and fintechs under formation which now include diasporas as shareholders,” says Zemedeneh Negatu, an investment adviser in Ethiopia.
The investment regulation also listed sectors authorised for local investors (which includes diasporans based on its new definition) and foreigners. The cement sector, for instance, is among sectors opened up to new foreign entrants.
Cement sector
“Dangote Cement is the last company that was authorised to invest in the cement sector. Making expansions and giving licenses to new entrants was not allowed for the last five years, eventually resulting in a supply gap,” says Simegn Degu, cement and related industry research development technology director at the Chemical and Construction Inputs Development Institute.
Degu believes the new investment regulation will encourage new entrants to invest in the cement sector.
“This will also help the country give a long-term sustainable solution to the cement shortage it has been facing in recent years,” he adds.
Logistics sector
The logistics sector is also partially liberalised under the new regulation. While it opened up the sector to foreign investors, they are also required to make a joint venture with local companies and are not allowed to have more than a 51% stake.
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Experts say this is not enough.
“Logistics is a major challenge for Ethiopia. It is a main reason for our failure to compete globally. Full liberalisation would have been even better. Foreign capital and know-how is vital to improve our capabilities there,” says Henok Assefa, an investment consultant with Precise Consult.
According to the World Bank’s Doing Business 2020 report, it takes 194 hours just for documentary compliance to export and 72 hours for border compliance to trade across borders. The cost for export compliance documentation is $750, three times higher than that of Rwanda.
Logistic hurdles have discouraged exporters and made Ethiopia’s export commodities expensive – sometimes three times higher than the original price of the exported goods.
On 1 October, officials discussed the first transport policy and logistics policy with stakeholders. Mekonnen Abera, the director general of the Ethiopian Maritime Affairs Authority, said a regulation to further open up the multimodal sector for private actors was sent to the Council of Ministers.
Speaking to Capital, Mekonnen noted: “The [logistics] sector has received attention from the government,” adding there are about 100 intervention areas that are awaiting a response from Addis Ababa.
Power and transport sector
The regulation fully liberalised the power sector, except for exports of electricity in which foreign investors are required to partner with the state. The new regulation also allows foreign investors to engage in generation and distribution of electricity. This had been under the monopoly of the government before the introduction of the country’s public-private partnership law in 2016.
The transport sector is also liberalised under the new regulation, which allows foreigners to invest in transport services, including air, railway, ground cable car transport, cold-chain transport and marine and freight transport.
Furthermore, foreign investors can invest in sectors such as advertisement and promotion services, audiovisual services, motion picture and video recording, production and distribution and accounting and auditing services, but they cannot have more than 49% stake if they wish to invest in these areas.
Financial sector
Meanwhile, the financial sector remains closed to foreign investors in a bid to protect local banks, which are less capitalised compared to international peers.
Investment adviser Negatu suggests strengthening the local banks and preparing them for international competition before opening up the sector. He recommends consolidation of the relatively small 16 private commercial banks into 4 or 5 very large ones. “Banking is a scale business. You need a strong balance sheet to compete,” he says.
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“Ultimately, the financial services sector will open up to international banks, it’s a question of timing,” adds Negatu. “One thing to keep in mind, the international banks that will be keen to invest in the Ethiopian banking sectors are primarily from Africa including Kenya, South Africa and Nigeria.”
Western banks from the US and Europe are not in the expansion mode in Africa and in fact in many countries they have curtailed their retail banking business and focused mostly on corporate banking or in some cases, like Barclays, pulled out of Africa completely.
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