Nigerians voiced their frustrations by voting in the All Progressive Congress (APC) presidential candidate, Muhammadu Buhari, during the 2015 general election. Buhari promised to fight corruption, defeat terrorism and fix the economy.
However, Boko Haram terrorists continue to wreak havoc while bandits kidnap for ransom and herdsmen clash with farming communities, threatening food security and national unity. Unable to grow the economy, Nigerians are now poorer.
Two years into the second term of Buhari’s presidency, corruption remains intractable. Buhari’s anti-corruption fight rests on a tripod: implementation of Treasury Single Account, Biometric Verification Number (BVN) and ‘Whistle Blowing’ policy. These have received commendations, as seen in increased savings.
However, issues like the politicisation of the anti-corruption fight and the refusal to investigate accusations have cast doubt on the fight. The suspension of Ibrahim Magu, the acting head of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, on corruption charges and the alleged double standards in Buhari’s treatment of those loyal to him are some examples.
Party politics is shielding the prosecution of people loyal to those in power. The former chair of Buhari’s party, Adams Oshiomole, had asked defectors from opposition parties to join the governing party and have their ‘sins’ forgiven.
By the end of 2019 when President Buhari got a second term, Nigeria had dropped to 146 and by 2020 ranked 149 in Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index.
Transparency International scores and ranks countries based on how experts and business executives perceive that country’s public sector. Transparency International describes the rankings as a composite index, combining 13 surveys and assessments of corruption, collected by a variety of reputable institutions.
While the Buhari government has described the rating “as senseless and baseless”, data from the National Bureau of Statistics unveils the experiences of corruption by Nigerians when they encounter public officials. The data on public encounters with corruption confirms that corruption remains a major problem.
The bureau collects data from Nigerians on:
- direct experiences of corruption events, as victims, by citizens;
- the experience of reporting corruption and other crimes to the public authorities;
- opinions and perceptions of citizens concerning recent trends, patterns and state responses to corruption.
One of my studies investigated the anti-corruption crusade of the Buhari government on implementation of whistleblowing, biometric data verification and the Treasury Single Account. The study shows how politically exposed people looted the treasury and adopted different mechanisms to hide their loot in cemeteries, isolated shops, septic tanks and abandoned some in airports.
Another paper examines Nigeria’s encounters with corruption. It uses National Bureau of Statistics data from a study conducted between May and June 2019 involving 33,000 households. The bureau’s study shows that three (north-east, north-west and south-west) of the six regions recorded small decreases in the prevalence of bribery. However, the north-central, south-east and south-south zones recorded more increases in the prevalence of bribery from 2016 to 2019.
Bribery, according to the bureau, takes two forms. In the first, public officials ask, directly and indirectly, for bribes. The second form involves members of the public bribing officials to process their requests for public services. Of the acts of bribery covered by the study, 67% were initiated by public officials. These were overwhelmingly (93%) requests for cash payments. Less than 6% were for non-cash payments.
Who takes bribes?
Males in the Nigerian police, judges, federal road safety officers and vehicle inspection officers, teachers and lecturers receive most of the bribes between 2016 and 2019. Male officials take more bribes than their female counterparts in the police, vehicle inspection, federal road safety offices because they are more likely to be encountered on the roads than their female colleagues.
The payment of bribes is driven by two factors. First, citizen pay bribes to speed up the processing of their requests. The percentage of people who paid bribes to speed up the procedures needed increased from 32% in 2016 to 38% in 2019.
The second factor relates to the payment of a bribe to avoid payment of a fine. This often happens when individuals are to be sanctioned for flouting a particular rule but in order not to pay the prescribed sanction, the public official in charge may sidestep the procedure.
Participants reported that public officials they encountered requested bribes to render services for which they are being officially paid. For instance, 34% of immigration officers collected bribes to speed up the issuance of passports and other immigration procedures. In the health sector, 60% reportedly received bribes to speed up procedures, usually to access health consultations.
Public officials requesting bribes directly were the police (67%), judges and prosecutors (67%), and customs and immigration officers (67%). The implication here is that when bribes are paid to these public officials, the rule of law is undermined.
The average bribe paid for a government contract or public procurement was N31,955 ($68) in 2019, up from N17,136 ($36) in 2016. People also paid more bribes for promotions in the public sector and medical visits and examinations.
Buhari’s crusade
Buhari’s anti-corruption crusade has had some achievements. These include recoveries of looted funds, blocking treasury leakages through the Treasury Single Account and jailing some corrupt former governors.
Where the anti-corruption crusade has not delivered any results, it’s because of the government’s failure to leave the fight against corruption to independent institutions. Doing so will separate genuine anti-corruption cases from politics.
What should be done
A mechanism must be put in place to reduce opportunities for corruption. Greater direct contact between government officials and members of the public ensures that the culture of bribe-taking and paying continues. The government should therefore use technology more to reduce direct contact, where possible, between government officials and the public.
The fight against corruption also requires strong institutions. These must be free from undue executive, legislative and judiciary interference. The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission needs more teeth. A starting point would be to increase its budget. This would enable the commission to hire more personnel. It must also be freed from political interference to allow it to fight corruption without fear or favour. This is important because of the role in corruption played by politically exposed people.
In addition, the government should create specialised anti-corruption courts to hasten the trial of cases. Judges to serve in the specialised court should be properly incentivised to mitigate judiciary corruption. Punishment for corruption must be certain and should equate the magnitude of offence committed.
Oludayo Tade, Researcher, Communication Consultant, Impact Evaluator, Safeguard Specialist, University of Ibadan
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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